Receiver for accelerating channel change time

ABSTRACT

In one embodiment, a receiver for an accelerated channel change is provided. The receiver receives a first version of a video stream for a first channel and causes display of video for the first version of the video stream for the channel. A second version of a video stream is received upon a channel change to a second channel, the second version including non-discardable pictures from the first version of the video stream. The receiver displays video for the second version of the video stream for the second channel. When a transition point is reached in the first version of the video stream for the second channel, a first version of a video stream for the second channel can be displayed.

TECHNICAL FIELD

Particular embodiments generally relate to video compression.

BACKGROUND

When providing television or video programs, to a user, bandwidthconstraints do not allow for the current programs corresponding to allthe television channels in a full channel lineup to be provided to aset-top box at once. Thus, only a single video program or channel, or asubset corresponding to a limited number of them, is provided ortransmitted to a set-top box at one time. For example, a video programthat a viewer is currently tuned to and watching may be one from asubset of video programs or the only video program provided to theset-top box while the program is being watched. When a channel changeoccurs, a video program that was not being provided immediately prior tothe channel change event, or a different video program, may be providedto a set-top box. For example, when a user changes to a new channel(i.e., from a first channel to a second channel), a network processingdevice (e.g., a router or a switch) needs to switch from transmitting afirst video program for the first channel to transmitting a second videoprogram for the second channel. The new video program is transmittedfrom the network processing device to the set-top box in a transportstream carrying a set of multiplexed streams corresponding to the newvideo program that includes an audio stream and a video stream. When anew video stream is received, relevant parameters need to be receivedfirst and reference pictures must be received prior to the picturesreferencing the reference pictures. If the set-top box starts receivingpictures in the video stream after the parameters and/or requiredreference pictures were transmitted, it cannot decode the receivedpictures and thus would have to wait until the next transmissioninstance of parameters and reference pictures. The set-top box cannotproperly construct a visual picture during that time. This delays thepresentation of the new video program after the channel change event andviewers experience an undesirable wait for the video presentation of thenew channel.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 depicts an example of a system for accelerating channel changetime.

FIG. 2 depicts a more detailed example of a network processing device.

FIG. 3 shows an example of a group of pictures.

FIG. 4 depicts an example of a set-top box.

FIG. 5 depicts an example of a method for providing an acceleratedchannel change time.

DESCRIPTION OF EXAMPLE EMBODIMENTS Overview

In one embodiment, a receiver for an accelerated channel change isprovided. The receiver receives a first version of a video stream for afirst channel and causes display of video for the first version of thevideo stream for the channel. A second version of a video stream isreceived upon a channel change to a second channel, the second versionincluding non-discardable pictures from the first version of the videostream. The receiver displays video for the second version of the videostream for the second channel. When a transition point is reached in thefirst version of the video stream for the second channel, a firstversion of a video stream for the second channel can be displayed.

In anticipation of a channel change request, a second version of a videostream corresponding to the video program of the requested channel isproduced from a first version of the video stream. In one embodiment,the second version is produced continuously in real-time from the firstversion by continuous real-time processing. The method stores at leastone successive portion of the second version of the video stream. Themethod comprises receiving a channel change request, which herein isalso referred to as a channel change event, or channel request event,and responsive to receiving the channel change event providing thesecond version of the video stream. To produce the second version, themethod then determines which pictures in the video stream are considerednon-discardable pictures, or pictures desired to be retained, and whichpictures are discardable pictures. Discardable pictures andnon-discardable pictures may be determined by using picturediscardability information or auxiliary information received with thefirst version of the video stream. For example, the picturediscardability information may be provided external to the video stream,in a portion of the transport stream, and/or in an unscrambled datafield. Alternatively, non-discardable pictures, or pictures desired tobe retained, and discardable pictures may be determined by processingthe first version of the video stream. The second version of the videostream is produced from non-discardable pictures or pictures desired tobe retained. The second version of the video stream corresponding to thevideo program of a requested channel or a second channel may then betransmitted to a set-top box in response to a channel change eventrequesting the second channel. By sending the second version of thevideo stream, a faster channel change time may be provided becausetransmission of the second version of the video stream to the set-topbox begins with the relevant parameters required to decode the videostream, followed by decodable pictures, and because it is expected thatthe second version may be processed for display faster than if theregular video stream (i.e., first version of the video stream) wasprovided.

Example Embodiments

FIG. 1 depicts an example of a system for accelerating channel changetime. In one embodiment, the system includes a set-top box 102, anetwork processing device 104, a display device 106, and a networkmanagement and control center (NMCC) 110. Network processing device 104may be found in NMCC 110. Also, set-top box 102 and display device 106may be found in a location 114, which may be a residence, office, or anyother premise located remotely from NMCC 110. It should be noted that aperson skilled in the art may appreciate other devices that may beincluded in the system, but are not shown.

Set-top box 102 may be any computing device or module that can receivevideo content from network processing device 104, decode it, and displayit on display device 106. For example, set-top box 102 may be a devicethat connects to a television and causes the video content to bedisplayed on the screen of the television. Set-top box 102 may includeor be included in or take the form of: a digital video recorder (DVR),personal computer, media gateway, video gaming console, handheld device,etc.

Display device 106 may be any device capable of displaying content, suchas a television, liquid crystal display (LCD), computer monitor,handheld device, etc. Display device 106 may connect to set-top box 104and is configured to receive uncompressed video for display. Althoughset-top box is shown as being separate from display device 106, it willbe understood that functions of it could be integrated with displaydevice 106. For example, display device 106 may include a networkinterface that may perform decoding and displaying of the video.

Network processing device 104 is configured to send a video program toset-top box 102. Although video is discussed, it will be understood thataudio may be also be sent. It will be assumed that audio can be providedin a similar way as video is described. In one embodiment, networkprocessing device 104 may include a video acceleration module configuredto process the video program and provide it to set-top box 102. Whensent or transmitted is used, what is sent may be provided. In oneembodiment, the video program may be multiplexed as a moving picturesexperts group (MPEG)-2 transport stream that carries the data and mediastreams corresponding to the video program. The MPEG-2 transport streammay carry the corresponding video stream of the video program encoded inaccordance with the ITU H.264 video coding specification (a.k.a. ISO/IECMPEG-4 Part 10 or AVC). The video stream may be transmitted to set-topbox 102, which may decode the video. Set-top box 102 then causes displayof the video on display device 106. A user (i.e., a viewer) may useinput device 108 to control set-top box 12, such as when the viewerinitiates a channel change request. When user, viewer, or subscriber isused, it will be understood that these terms may be usedinterchangeably. The channel change request may be an initial requestfor a channel change.

A plurality of channels or video services may be provided to a networkprocessing device 104 from one or more or more sources or broadcasters.For example, a service provider may provide via network processingdevice 104 a channel lineup of video programs or video services ingestedfrom one or more sources (not shown). Each channel is associated with aservice and typically provides a respective video program at a time.That is, each channel may be associated with a respective service, suchas ABC or HBO, with scheduled or broadcast video programs. The videoprograms of video services corresponding to all or a portion of thechannels in a lineup may be multicast from a national head end (notshown) to NMCC 110. NMCC 110 ingests each respective video programcorresponding to a channel in the channel lineup via network interface116. The ingested form or “version” of the video stream corresponding toeach respective video program is referred to herein as the first versionof that video stream, or equally to as the first version of that videoprogram, or just the first version. NMCC 110 may be at any of severalpoints in a service provider's network (e.g., at a neighborhood nodeclose to a serviced group of subscribers or viewers (or set-top boxesusers). For example, NMCC 110 may serve a group of subscribers in aneighborhood of homes or premises. At NMCC 110, video programs for allthe channels cannot be provided at once to set-top box 102. Accordingly,the video program for one channel or the video programs respectivelycorresponding to a limited number or a group of channels may be providedat the same time to set-top box 102.

When a channel change or request occurs it is typically instigated by aviewer (herein, also a user). A user may use input device 108 to inputor request a channel, resulting on the video program of the requestedchannel to be subsequently processed by set-top box 102 and presented indisplay 106. Upon a viewer initiating a channel request, such as when aviewer changes from a first channel to a second channel or upon userturning or powering on set-top box 102, set-top box 102 transmitsinformation corresponding to the channel requested to NMCC 110. Thetransmitted information to NMCC 110, herein also referred to as“upstream” transmitted information, identifies set-top box 102 and therequested video service or channel. Thus, the upstream transmittedinformation is received by NMCC 110 and notifies NMCC 110 of therequested channel by set-top box 102. Network processing device 104 thenprovides the video program corresponding to the requested channel toset-top box 102.

In one embodiment, the upstream transmitted information may furthernotify NMCC 110 a request to change the video program provided toset-top box 102 from a video program corresponding to a first channel toa video program corresponding a second channel.

In one embodiment, the upstream transmitted information includes theMedia Access Control (MAC) address of set-top box 102 to identify it. Inan alternate embodiment, a subscriber account number is also included.In yet an alternate embodiment, an Internet Protocol (IP) address isalso included. The upstream transmitted information may include one ormore of the following to identify the requested video service orchannel: a corresponding video service identification or number, acorresponding channel identification or number, or an identification ofa corresponding video program.

Particular embodiments provide an accelerated channel change time. Afirst version 212 of the video stream of a video program corresponds tothe video stream received with the video program at network processingdevice 104. Referring to FIG. 2, which depicts a more detailed exampleof network processing device 104, in anticipation of a channel change, asecond version 214 of the video stream of the video stream is stored instorage 112. Herein, the second version of the video program may bereferred to the second version of the video stream or the secondversion. Second version 214 is a subset of the first version 212 orsubsets of respectively corresponding portions of first version 212.Second version 214 includes or retains non-discardable pictures and/orpictures from first version 212 that are desired to be retained in thevideo stream. The subset of the pictures from first version 212 to beretained in second version 214 is determined by network processingdevice 104. The pictures considered discardable in the video stream, ora portion of the video stream, are then discarded by network processingdevice 104. The second version 214 of the video stream is thus amodified version of the first version 212.

For each successive portion of consecutive compressed pictures in thefirst version 212 of the video stream, the second version 214 contains acorresponding respective successive portion of the video stream, whereineach successive portion of second version 214 is a subset of one or moreof the compressed pictures of the respectively corresponding portion ofconsecutive compressed pictures in first version 212. Each successiveportion of the first version 212 and its respectively correspondingportion of second version 214 have a common starting point in the videostream. A starting point of the video stream corresponds to a locationthat is immediately prior or at a location in the video stream thatcontains the required parameters to decode the pictures from that pointon in the video stream. The required parameters may correspond to anycombination of the following for the respective successive portion ofthe video stream: (1) sequence parameters (e.g., a sequence parameterset), (2) picture parameters (e.g., picture parameter sets), (3)parameters that assist in the decoding, processing or outputting ofpictures (e.g., visual usability information), or (4) parameters thatserve as supplemental enhancement information to the video stream.Immediately following the required parameters in a successive portion ofthe second version 214 of the video stream is one or more compressedreference pictures. Successive portions of the video streams are storedin storage 112.

In one embodiment, as the first version of the video streamcorresponding to a channel is being received by video receiver 202 in asequential progressive manner, picture discardability information isalso received in a sequential progressive manner. The picturediscardability information corresponds to the compressed pictures intransmission order of the first version of the video stream. In oneembodiment, the picture discardability information identifies whether acompressed picture is discardable such as with the value of a data fieldcorresponding to the compressed picture. In an alternate embodiment, thepicture discardability information identifies which compressed picturein a consecutive set of compressed picture is discardable such as with abitmap. The picture discardability information is processed by datafield detector 206 to determine and/or identify which compressedpictures in the first version of the video stream are discardable.Alternatively, data field detector 206 determines and/or identifieswhich compressed pictures in the first version of the video stream arenon-discardable or desired to be retained. Video picture selector 208produces in a sequential progressive manner successive portions of thesecond version of the video stream. Each successive portion of thesecond version corresponds to a respective successive portion of thefirst version of the video stream. Video picture selector 208 processesthe first version and produces the second version of the video stream ina successive progressive manner by selecting the determined and/oridentified non-discardable pictures or pictures desired to be retainedin each corresponding successive portion of the first version of thevideo stream.

In an alternate embodiment, picture discardability information may notbe received and data field detector 206 processes the first version ofthe video stream to determine and/or identify which compressed picturesin the first version of the video stream are non-discardable or desiredto be retained. That is, data field detector 206 may parse sufficientlybut not decompress the first version of the video stream to make thedetermination and/or identification of non-discardable pictures orpictures desired to be retained.

The successive portions of the second version of the video stream arestored in a sequential progressive manner in storage 112. In oneembodiment, a predetermined number of successive portions of the secondversion of the video stream are stored in storage 112. Upon completionof storing a portion of the second version of the video stream, networkprocessing device 104 causes the next portion of the second version tobe written over the oldest portion of the second version of the videostream stored in storage 112. Thus, successive portions of the secondversion are stored in a circular buffer.

Data field selector 206 may process several first-version video streamssimultaneously and video picture selector may produce theircorresponding second versions. The second versions of the video streamsfor a plurality of channels in the channel lineup are storedsimultaneously, consistently in real-time through the progression oftime, in storage 112. In an alternate embodiment, the second versions ofthe video streams corresponding to each channel in the channel lineupare stored simultaneously, consistently in real-time through theprogression of time, in storage 112.

Portions of the second version of the video stream, P1, P2, P3 and P4are in successive order in the video stream. In one embodiment, capacityin storage device is assigned to store three successive portions of thesecond version of the video stream. At any point in time, two completesuccessive portions of the second version of the video program, P2 andP3, respectively, are available to be provided upon a channel changerequest while portion P4 is being stored in storage 112 over an earlierstored portion, P1. That is, the storage of each second version of avideo stream is implemented in a circular buffer.

In an alternate embodiment, at any point in time, N−1 completesuccessive portions of the second version of the video program areavailable to be provided upon a channel change request while the Nthsuccessive portion is stored in storage 112 over the first of the Nsuccessive portions.

In one embodiment, the number of successive portions of the secondversion of a first channel's video stream buffered in storage 112 isdifferent from the number of successive portions buffered for the secondversion of a second channel's video stream. Although N differs for thetwo channels or video programs, they may have the same or approximatelythe same time span. The number of successive portions to buffer, N, foreach respective channel is determined by the picture rate of thechannel's first-version video stream to maintain a desired time spanduring the first phase of providing a video program in response to achannel change. For instance, a first channel or first video program mayhave a rate of 60 pictures per seconds while a second channel or secondvideo program may have a rate of 30 pictures per seconds. Hence, thenumber of successive portions buffered in storage 112, N, is determinedby a desired time span for which to effect the first phase of a channelchange, and, thus, may differ for each respective channel or videoprogram according to the picture rate of the corresponding first-versionvideo stream. The picture rate of a first-version video stream isdetermined by data field selector 206

In an alternate embodiment, the number of successive portions of a videostream, N, to buffer in storage 112 for a channel or video program isdetermined by video picture selector 208 from the number of pictures inthe successive portions of the second version of the video stream.Hence, the number of successive portions of the second version of afirst channel's video stream buffered in storage 112 may different fromthe number of successive portions buffered for the second version of asecond channel's video stream in order to maintain the same or a minimumnumber of pictures through the first phase of providing a video programin response to a channel change.

In yet another embodiment, the number of successive portions of a videostream, N, to buffer in storage 112 for a channel or video program isdetermined from both: (1) a minimum number of pictures in the successiveportions of the second version of the video stream, and (2) by a minimumtime span for the first phase of providing a video program in responseto a channel change.

The number of buffered successive portions of the second version of avideo stream in storage 112, N, may change dynamically through theprogression of time according to the number of non-discardable picturesor pictures desired to be retained, as determined by video pictureselector 208.

When a channel change request occurs, second version 214 is transmittedto set-top box 102 for a pre-determined amount of time or number ofpictures to effect a faster channel change time. For example, from atime before the channel change, N−1 successive portions of secondversion 214 may have previously been stored in storage 112, and secondversion 214 is retrieved by network processing device 104 andtransmitted to set-top box 102. Second version 214 is transmitted toallow a faster channel change time. The first picture cannot bedisplayed until a full reconstructed picture is received. When set-topbox 102 received second version 214 of the video stream, it receives thestart of a successive portion which starts immediately prior to or atthe location in the video stream that contains the parameters requiredto decompress the video stream from that point on. Immediately after theparameters, second version 214 contains at least one or more referencepictures. The set-top box 102 can then display a picture quicker than iffirst version 212 is received because second version 214 includes andstarts with the video sequence parameters and non-discardable picturesor pictures desired to be retained, and, thus, set-top box 102 does nothave to wait for the next instance of information that are needed todecode and display the pictures and reference frames. If first versionof the video stream 212 is transmitted, set-top box 102 may have to waitlonger until the parameters or reference frames occur in the videostream. The full picture can be displayed after the second successiveportion is received from the second version and the first version may bedecoded and the picture fully reconstructed.

Because pictures for the video stream are stored from before a time thechannel change is received, second version 214 may be transmitted toallow the picture for the new channel to be displayed immediately. Theuser would see a picture for the new channel displayed although thepicture may have been from a previous transmitted time. However, becausethe user was not watching the channel before the change, the user cannottell it is from a previous time. But, a picture is displayed faster forthe new channel. And because discardable pictures are not included inthe second version, the set-top box 102 decodes and displays thepictures in the second version of the video stream in a fasterprogression than its normal playback more or intended picture outputrate.

A transition point from a first phase to a second phase of “providing avideo program upon a channel change request” is reached after the N−1successive portions of the second version of the video stream aretransmitted to set-top box 102. Immediately, after the end of the lastsuccessive portion of the second version, the first version 212 of thevideo stream is inserted by network processing device 104, starting withthe corresponding portion of the first version of the video stream thatsucceeds the last successive portion of the second portion. Then, theregular video stream (i.e., the first version) is transmitted from thenon.

Since there are several set-top boxes receiving video programs fromnetwork management and control center 110, when the insertion from thesecond version to the first version of the video stream transpires,network processing device 104 continues to store the successive portionsof the second version of the video stream in anticipation of a channelchange request from another set-top box (not shown but equal or similarto set-top box 102) or for a future channel change request from the sameset-top box 102.

The discardable pictures may be identified using a picturediscardability information field. For example, the adaptation field (AF)extension defined in the MPEG-2 transport stream may be used to identifywhich pictures are discardable or desired to be retained. In oneembodiment, the picture discardability information (or pictures desiredto be retained) data field is not included in the video stream that iscarrying the video. For example, picture discardability information isexternal to the payload of the packets carrying the video. Thus, thevideo stream does not need to be inspected to determine which picturesmay be considered discardable or desired to be retained. This may beuseful because the payload of transport packets, where the video streamis carried, may be scrambled or encrypted and thus network processingdevice 104 would otherwise have to unscramble the payload and/or decodethe picture to determine if the picture is discardable or not.

Second version 214 of the video stream is transmitted to set-top box102, e.g., a portion of the second version of the video streamcorresponding to the requested channel is transmitted. Thenon-discardable pictures may be pictures that are deemed important inconstructing the picture and should be retained. For example, thenon-discardable pictures may be reference pictures, such as I pictures.Also, other reference pictures may be provided, such as B pictures andother reference pictures that are depended on to construct a picture.The pictures other than I pictures may be provided because, for example,in AVC, some references pictures may not just include I pictures orinstantaneous decoding refresh (IDR) pictures. For example, B picturescan be used as reference pictures in AVC. Accordingly, the picturediscardability information data field allows identification ofnon-discardable pictures that are not just I pictures or IDR pictures.In addition to sending the non-discardable pictures, video sequenceparameters may be provided. The video sequence parameters are theparameters needed by set-top box 102 to be able to display the picture.An example of the parameters includes resolution of the picture. Bysending non-discardable pictures, it is expected that set-top box 102can construct a picture faster than if the full video stream istransmitted (i.e., a video stream with non-discardable and discardablepictures) because the video decoder in set-top box 102 is relieved fromdecoding excluded pictures (e.g., discardable pictures) from the firstversion of the video stream and because video sequence parameters andnon-discardable pictures from the immediately past portion of the videostream are provided faster to set-top box 102. Other types of picturesthat may be considered non-discardable will be discussed in more detailbelow.

FIG. 2 depicts a more detailed example of network processing device 104.Video receiver 202 is configured to receive video programs. For example,video may be received from a service provider. All the channels in thelineup may be received at once. When a user is watching a channel, thevideo program is transmitted to set-top box 102. This includes the firstversion of the video stream and is represented by video stream 212.Although sending first video stream 212 or second video stream 214 isdiscussed, it will be understood that other parts of the video programmay be transmitted, such as audio and close captioning information. Atsome point, a channel change is detected by set-top box 102, which thennotifies network management and control center 110 of the channelchange.

The following process of determining discardable pictures may beperformed continuously or only when a channel change is detected. Forexample, as video streams for the lineup of channels are received fromthe network, a cached second version 214 of the video stream may bestored for all channels in storage 112. Thus, when a channel changeoccurs, second version 214 of the video stream may be transmitted toset-top box 102. Also, in another embodiment, the stream ofnon-discardable pictures may be determined dynamically when the channelchange is detected.

In determining the non-discardable pictures, a data field detector 206is configured to review the picture discardability information datafield for the video stream. For example, for the video stream that thechannel that is tuned to, a picture discardability information datafield is determined in a packet. In one embodiment, the picturediscardability information is in the adaptation field (AF) extension.This data field may include a bit map that identifies which pictures maybe discardable. For example, the bits correspond to a previous or futureset of transmitted pictures. In one embodiment, each picture'sdiscardability property may be represented by a bit in the bit map. Thecorresponding bits may be ordered according to the order of thetransmitted pictures. Thus, pictures in the video stream are identifiedby the bit's value and it may be determined which pictures arediscardable or not based on the bit values in the bitmap. Also, thepicture discardability information field may be included in other formsof transport, such as in a header of an IP packet.

In one embodiment, the picture discardability information data field isexternal to the transport stream. For example, the picturediscardability information data field is outside of the video codinglayer. This provides advantages because the picture discardabilityinformation may be easily determined with minimal processing. Forexample, the picture discardability information data field may be foundin a header of a packet, which may not be scrambled. In contrast, thepayload of packets including the video may be scrambled, and would haveto be unscrambled if the picture discardability information is includedin the payload.

A picture may be marked as being non-discardable for different reasons.The reasons may be different than from just considering the picture typecorresponding to the respective pictures in the video stream. Forexample, the picture type for a picture may indicate which type thepicture is, such as a B, P, or I picture. However, the picture type maynot be sufficient to determine if a picture is discardable. For example,as mentioned above, B pictures may be used as reference pictures in AVC.Further, the type of picture in the AVC video stream cannot bedetermined according to an assumed group of pictures (GOP) structure orsome transmission order of pictures as was conventionally possible toassume in MPEG-2 video streams. The picture type is also carried in thepayload of transport packets, which may be scrambled. Thus, determiningthe picture type may require that a payload of transport packets beunscrambled. Accordingly, the picture discardability information datafield may provide a better determination of discardability than justusing the picture type.

A video picture selector 208 is configured to determine which picturesare non-discardable using the picture discardability information field.By referring to the bit map, packets are determined that includepictures that are non-discardable. For example, the data chunks in thevideo streams for non-discardable pictures are identified by the bitvalues of the bit map and by finding consecutive picture start codes inthe packetized elementary stream (PES) layer. Discardable pictures maynot be aligned in packets, such as the picture may be partially includedin multiple packets. Thus, it may be hard to determine which payload ofpackets includes pictures that are discardable. If the video stream isscrambled, de-scrambling may be necessary to determine the start codes.Each discardable picture is then identified in the packets. To avoiddescrambling, in another embodiment, the start of each picture istransmitted in a transport packet that always includes the adaptationfield. Rather than a bit map, the adaptation field contains a data field(e.g., a single bit) signifying that the picture (or a portion of thepicture) included in the packet is discardable or not. Thus, packets maybe identified as including picture discardability information or not anddiscardable picture in the video stream can then be identified withoutde-scrambling.

In one embodiment, video picture selector 208 continually stores secondversion 214 of the video stream in storage 112. For example, FIG. 3shows a portion of first version 212 of the video stream that includes anumber of groups of pictures (GOPs). First version 212 includesdiscardable and non-discardable pictures. At a time t=k, a channelchange request is received. Each portion of the video stream will bereferred to with a −1, −2, etc. Before this time, first version 212-1had already been transmitted to set-top box 102 (it was transmittedstarting at time t=k−1. Also, network processing device 104 processesfirst version 214-1 to generate second version 214-1 of the videostream. Second version 214-1 is stored in storage 112. The processingand storage of second version may be performed in anticipation ofreceiving a channel change request, i.e., prior to receiving the requestor knowing about the request. Thus, second versions for each channel maybe stored for the entire channel lineup. The process of sending secondversion 214 will be discussed below in more detail.

Also, video picture selector 208 may determine non-discardable pictureswhen an indication of a channel change is determined. Second version 214is a special version of the video stream that includes onlynon-discardable pictures. These non-discardable pictures may not just beI pictures and/or IDR pictures. For example, FIG. 3 shows an example ofa group of pictures 302 for first version 212 in display order. Theircorresponding transmission order is different (not shown) according tothe picture referencing inter-dependencies. As shown, I pictures, Bpictures, and P pictures are provided. An example of second version 214includes the pictures I₁, P₄, B₇, P₁₀ and I₁₃. It should be noted thatthe picture B₇ may be included in the non-discardable video stream 304.In one embodiment, B pictures may be considered reference pictures inthe video stream. Also, if a large number of discardable pictures arereceived in a row, it may be desirable to include a discardable picturein the non-discardable video stream 304. In one embodiment, when anyinstance of discardable pictures in the video stream exceeds a threshold(e.g., 5), the middle discardable picture (i.e., the third out of the 5or the second of 3 if the threshold is 3), is not marked as discardableto minimize a jerking motion during the initial period after changingchannels.

Also, in another embodiment, certain discardable pictures are not markedas discardable because of a display property for the picture. Forexample, the viewing experience may take into account in marking whichpictures are discardable. In one example, the type of motion in thatvideo segment is used to determine which pictures are discardable. Forexample, all or selected discardable pictures are marked discardable fora stationary scene or for a very fast motion (because the human visualsystem's temporal response is band-limited and thus the removal of thediscardable pictures for a very fast motion scene may not be detectedeven if some pictures were included). For smooth panning scenes, certaindiscardable pictures may not be marked as discardable to reducejerkiness in the newly displayed video.

In yet another embodiment, certain non-discardable pictures may bemarked discardable if they are not referenced by other referencepictures. For example, the non-discardable pictures may be onlyreferenced by discardable pictures.

Also, in another embodiment, in addition to only retainingnon-discardable pictures, the video stream provided by server 104 uponthe channel change may be with a reduced picture resolution, such ashalf in the horizontal to make the channel change tune faster. Somepictures are not marked as discardable to retain a suitable picturerate.

Channel change detector 204 determines when a channel change shouldoccur. For example, a channel change request is received from set-topbox 102. Channel change detector 204 notifies picture sender 210.Picture sender 210 can then send second version 214 of the video streamto set-top box 102. In one example, second version 214-1 is retrievedfrom storage 112. If the channel change request is received sometimebetween t=k and t=k+1, then second version 214-1 is from before t=k inone example. Second version 214-1 may then be transmitted to set-top box102. As second version 214-1 is being retrieved, second version 214-2 isbeing saved. That is, first version 212-2 was processed to removediscardable pictures to produce second version 212-2. Second version212-2 is then saved in storage 112. In one embodiment, storage 112 maybe a circular buffer where portions of the second version of the videostream are stored. As a portion is stored, one portion may be removed.Any amount of video may be stored in storage 112. In one example, oneportion corresponding to a GOP may be stored, that is, non-discardablepictures for a GOP of first version 212. As a portion of second version214 is stored, the previously stored portion is removed (and can betransmitted to set-top box 102 if a channel change request wasreceived.)

Accordingly, first version 212 of the video stream of the prior channelis not transmitted anymore after a channel change. This allows set-topbox 102 to receive a potion of second version 214 of the new channel'svideo stream, containing all pictures that are considerednon-discardable when a channel change occurs. The non-discardablepictures allow channel change time to be accelerated because set-top box102 can construct a new picture for the new channel quicker because thenon-discardable pictures and video sequence parameters are providedfaster using the second version of the video stream. For example, if thereference pictures are included as non-discardable pictures, a referencepicture may be received faster and used to construct a picture. Further,other factors, such as motion of the picture, may be taken into accountto include pictures that are considered non-discardable. Thus, a fasterchannel change is effected while making the channel change less jerky.

Once the channel change has been effected, network processing device 104may transition back to sending first version 212 of the video stream.For example, after a pre-determined time, second version 214 of thevideo stream is not transmitted and first version 212 of the videostream for the new channel is transmitted. Because the pictureresolution does not change or may only be horizontally reduced, thesplice to first version 212 of the video stream does not need to be anIDR. This provides a smoother transition from second version 214 to thefirst version 212 of the video stream.

FIG. 4 depicts an example of set-top box 102. A picture receiver 402 isconfigured to receive a video stream. A picture decoder 404 decodes thepictures and displays them on display device 106. When a channel changeis not occurring, picture decoder 404 operates in a regular mode 410,which decodes a full video stream and causes display of the video.

A channel change detector 406 is configured to detect a channel change.When this occurs, picture decoder 404 may be notified and may be causedto operate in a low delay mode. Low delay mode is a mode that allowsset-top box 102 to process second version 214 without incurring anerror. For example, this allows the video decoder in set-top box 102 todisregard certain policies of managing the compressed picture buffer.The buffer may have policies regarding overrun and underrun of it. Ifsecond version 214 includes only non-discardable pictures, then thepolicies may trigger an error during regular mode. However, using thelow delay mode tells set-top box 102 to operate differently. In oneembodiment, the low delay mode repeats display of the last decodednon-discardable picture until decoding the next non-discardable picturecompletely. Also, this allows the video decoder in set-top box 102 todisregard certain policies of managing the compressed picture buffer.

When the channel change process is finished, picture receiver 402receives second version 214 of the video stream and forwards it topicture decoder 404. Picture decoder 404 may then transition back toregular video decoding mode 410 at the transition point.

FIG. 5 depicts an example of a method for providing an acceleratedchannel change time. Step 502 receives an indication for a channelchange. The indication may be received from input device 108.

Step 504 then receives video for a first decoder behavior for a firstperiod. For example, the video may include non-discardable pictures. Thedecoder behavior may be a low delay mode where set-top box 102repeatedly displays the last decoded non-discardable picture untildecoding the next non-discardable picture completely. This video may bereceived for a certain amount of time after the channel change.

Step 506 then receives video for a second decoder behavior for a secondperiod. For example, after a period of time or certain number ofpictures is received, a regular video stream may be received. Set-topbox 102 then transitions from the low delay mode to a regular mode ofdisplaying video. The second decoder behavior may be behavior thatdisplays pictures when a channel change is not occurring or after thetransition period.

In conclusion, the process to determine which pictures arenon-discardable is provided using a picture discardability informationdata field. This allows network processing device 104 to determine thediscardable pictures with minimal processing. For example, the actualvideo stream does not need to be processed or may be minimallyprocessed. For example, the information that is needed to determine if apicture is discardable or not is external to the video transport stream.Thus, the video stream does not need to be unscrambled and searched forthe picture discardability information.

Although the description has been described with respect to particularembodiments thereof, these particular embodiments are merelyillustrative, and not restrictive. For example, although MPEG-2 isdiscussed, it will be understood that any protocol may be used.

Any suitable programming language can be used to implement the routinesof particular embodiments including C, C++, Java, assembly language,etc. Different programming techniques can be employed such as proceduralor object oriented. The routines can execute on a single processingdevice or multiple processors. Although the steps, operations, orcomputations may be presented in a specific order, this order may bechanged in different particular embodiments. In some particularembodiments, multiple steps shown as sequential in this specificationcan be performed at the same time.

Particular embodiments may be implemented in a computer-readable storagemedium for use by or in connection with the instruction executionsystem, apparatus, system, or device. Particular embodiments can beimplemented in the form of control logic in software or hardware or acombination of both. The control logic, when executed by one or moreprocessors, may be operable to perform that which is described inparticular embodiments.

Particular embodiments may be implemented by using a programmed generalpurpose digital computer, by using application specific integratedcircuits, programmable logic devices, field programmable gate arrays,optical, chemical, biological, quantum or nanoengineered systems,components and mechanisms may be used. In general, the functions ofparticular embodiments can be achieved by any means as is known in theart. Distributed, networked systems, components, and/or circuits can beused. Communication, or transfer, of data may be wired, wireless, or byany other means.

It will also be appreciated that one or more of the elements depicted inthe drawings/figures can also be implemented in a more separated orintegrated manner, or even removed or rendered as inoperable in certaincases, as is useful in accordance with a particular application. It isalso within the spirit and scope to implement a program or code that canbe stored in a machine-readable medium to permit a computer to performany of the methods described above.

As used in the description herein and throughout the claims that follow,“a”, “an”, and “the” includes plural references unless the contextclearly dictates otherwise. Also, as used in the description herein andthroughout the claims that follow, the meaning of “in” includes “in” and“on” unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.

Thus, while particular embodiments have been described herein, latitudesof modification, various changes, and substitutions are intended in theforegoing disclosures, and it will be appreciated that in some instancessome features of particular embodiments will be employed without acorresponding use of other features without departing from the scope andspirit as set forth. Therefore, many modifications may be made to adapta particular situation or material to the essential scope and spirit.

We claim:
 1. A method comprising: receiving, at a network device, afirst version of a first video stream for a first channel; causing, bythe network device, display of the first version of the first videostream using a normal video processing mode, wherein the network deviceis configured to decode a full video stream and display an associatedvideo when operating in the normal video processing mode; receiving, atthe network device, a second version of a second video stream upon achannel change to a second channel, the second version including asubset of pictures from a first version of the second video stream,wherein the subset includes one or more non-discardable pictures framesand wherein the subset includes one or more discardable pictures framesresponsive to a number of consecutive discardable pictures frames in thefirst version of the second video stream exceeding a threshold; causing,by the network device, display of the second version of the second videostream in a low-delay video processing mode that is different from thenormal video processing mode, wherein the network device is configuredto suppress an error associated with processing the second version of avideo stream when operating in the low-delay video processing mode, andwherein suppressing the error allows a buffer that stored the secondversion of the second video stream to disregard a policy that is set forthe buffer while operating in the normal video processing mode, thepolicy comprising generating an error based on occurrence of an overrunor underrun of the buffer; receiving, at the network device, a firstversion of the second video stream at a transition point associated witha portion of the first version that succeeds a last portion of thesecond version that is displayed; and causing, by the network device,display of the first version of the second video stream from thetransition point, wherein the display of the first version of the secondvideo stream occurs in the normal video processing mode.
 2. The methodof claim 1, wherein the second version of the second video streamincludes pictures frames that are based on at least one of a displayproperty of the picture, viewing experience, or type of motion in avideo segment, and wherein the second version of the second video streamallows construction of a picture faster than when the first version ofthe second video stream is used to construct a picture.
 3. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the non-discardable pictures include information thatenable constructing the second version of the second video stream. 4.The method of claim 1, wherein the non-discardable pictures allowdisplay of the second version of the second video stream upon receivinga first picture in the second version of the second video stream.
 5. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the second version of the second video streamincludes video sequence parameters that are used by the network deviceto display a picture using the second version of the second videostream.
 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the second version of thesecond video stream starts with the video sequence parameters.
 7. Anapparatus comprising: one or more processors; and logic encoded in oneor more tangible media for execution by the one or more processors andwhen executed operable to cause the one or more processors to performoperations comprising: receiving a first version of a first video streamfor a first channel; causing display of the first version of the firstvideo stream using a normal video processing mode that is configured todecode a full video stream and display an associated video; receiving asecond version of a second video stream upon a channel change to asecond channel, the second version including a subset of pictures from afirst version of the second video stream, wherein the subset includesone or more non-discardable pictures frames and wherein the subsetincludes one or more discardable pictures frames responsive to a numberof consecutive discardable pictures frames in the first version of thesecond video stream exceeding a threshold; causing display of the secondversion of the second video stream in a low-delay video processing modethat is different from the normal video processing mode and isconfigured to suppress an error associated with processing the secondversion of a video stream when operating in the low-delay videoprocessing mode, wherein suppressing the error allows a buffer thatstored the second version of the second video stream to disregard apolicy that is set for the buffer while operating in the normal videoprocessing mode, the policy comprising generating an error based onoccurrence of an overrun or underrun of the buffer; receiving a firstversion of the second video stream at a transition point associated witha portion of the first version that succeeds a last portion of thesecond version that is displayed; and causing display of the firstversion of the second video stream from the transition point, whereinthe display of the first version of the second video stream occurs inthe normal video processing mode.
 8. The apparatus of claim 7, whereinthe low-delay mode comprises repeating display of a last non-discardabledecoded picture associated with the second version of the second videostream until a next non-discardable picture is decoded.
 9. The apparatusof claim 7, wherein the second version of the second video streaminclude pictures frames that are based on at least one of a displayproperty of the picture, viewing experience, or type of motion in avideo segment, and wherein the second version of the second video streamallows construction of a picture faster than when the first version ofthe second video stream is used to construct a picture.
 10. Theapparatus of claim 7, wherein the non-discardable pictures allow displayof the second version of the second video stream upon receiving a firstpicture in the second version of the second video stream.
 11. Theapparatus of claim 7, wherein the non-discardable pictures includeinformation that enables constructing the second version of the secondvideo stream.
 12. An apparatus comprising: first instructions encoded ina non-transitory machine-readable medium for execution by a processorand configured to cause the processor to perform operations including:receiving a first version of a first video stream for a first channel;causing display of the first version of the first video stream using anormal video processing mode that is configured to decode a full videostream and display an associated video; receiving a second version of asecond video stream upon a channel change to a second channel, thesecond version including a subset of pictures from a first version ofthe second video stream, wherein the subset includes one or morenon-discardable pictures, frames and wherein the subset includes one ormore discardable pictures frames responsive to a number of consecutivediscardable pictures frames in the first version of the second videostream exceeds exceeding a threshold; means for causing display of thesecond version of the second video stream in a low-delay videoprocessing mode that is different from the normal video processing modeand is configured to suppress an error associated with processing thesecond version of a video stream when operating in the low-delay videoprocessing mode, wherein suppressing the error allows a buffer thatstored the second version of the second video stream to disregard apolicy that is set for the buffer while operating in the normal videoprocessing mode, the policy comprising generating an error based onoccurrence of an overrun or underrun of the buffer; and secondinstructions encoded in the non-transitory machine-readable medium forexecution by the processor and configured to cause the processor toperform operations including: receiving a first version of the secondvideo stream at a transition point associated with a portion of thefirst version that succeeds a last portion of the second version that isdisplayed; and causing, display of the first version of the second videostream from the transition point, wherein the display of the firstversion of the second video stream occurs in the normal video processingmode.
 13. A method comprising: receiving, at a network device, a firstversion of a first video stream for a first channel; causing, by thenetwork device, display of the first version of the first video streamwhile operating in a first video processing mode of operation, whereinthe network device is configured to decode a full video stream anddisplay an associated video when operating in the first video processingmode; receiving, at the network device, an indication of a channelchange to a second channel; responsive to receiving the indication ofthe channel change, changing, using the network device, from the firstvideo processing mode to a second video processing mode of operation,wherein the second video processing mode is different from the firstvideo processing mode; receiving, at the network device, a secondversion of a second video stream upon the channel change, the secondversion including a subset of pictures from a first version of thesecond video stream, wherein the subset includes one or morenon-discardable pictures frames and one or more discardable picturesframes responsive to a number of consecutive discardable pictures framesin the first version of the second video stream exceeding a threshold;causing, by the network device, display of the second version of thesecond video stream while operating in the second video processing mode,wherein the network device is configured to suppress an error associatedwith processing the second version of a video stream when operating inthe second video processing mode, and wherein suppressing the errorallows a buffer that stored the second version of the second videostream to disregard a policy that is set for the buffer while operatingin the first video processing mode, the policy comprising generating anerror based on occurrence of an overrun or underrun of the buffer;receiving, at the network device, a first version of the second videostream at a transition point associated with a portion of the firstversion that succeeds a last portion of the second version that isdisplayed; responsive to receiving the first version of the second videostream at the transition point, changing, using the network device, fromthe second video processing mode to the first video processing mode; andcausing, by the network device, display of the first version of thesecond video stream from the transition point while operating in thefirst video processing mode.
 14. The method of claim 13, wherein thefirst video processing mode is a regular mode of video processingoperation in which the network device is configured to decode a fullvideo stream and display an associated video, and the second videoprocessing mode is a low delay mode of video processing operation inwhich the network device is configured to suppress an error associatedwith processing the second version of a video stream.
 15. The method ofclaim 14, wherein the low delay mode of video processing operation isconfigured to enable the network device to disregard a policy ofmanaging a compressed picture buffer that is used for storing a videostream prior to display, and wherein the policy is enforced in theregular mode of video processing operation.
 16. The method of claim 13,wherein the second video processing mode comprises repeating, using thenetwork device, display of a last decoded non-discardable pictureassociated with the second version of the second video stream until anext non-discardable picture is decoded.
 17. The method of claim 13,wherein pictures frames included in the second version of the videostream are based on at least one of a display property of the picture,viewing experience, or type of motion in a video segment.